现在完成时 | 英语文法指南 | ef-九游官网下载
现在完成时的构成
任何动词的现在完成时都是以两个要素构成：依人称使用正确的助动词 to have（现在时）的型态，加上主要动词的过去分词。规则动词的过去分词为动词原型 ed，例如 played丶arrived丶looked。至於不规则动词，请参考「动词」页面上的不规则动词表。
| 肯定句 | ||
| 主词 | to have | 过去分词 |
| she | has | visited. |
| 否定句 | ||
| 主词 | to have not | 过去分词 |
| she | has not (hasn't) | visited. |
| 疑问句 | ||
| to have | 主词 | 过去分词 |
| has | she | visited? |
| 否定型疑问句 | ||
| to have not | 主词 | 过去分词 |
| hasn't | she | visited? |
现在完成时，以 to walk 为例
| 肯定句 | 否定句 | 疑问句 |
|---|---|---|
| i have walked. | i haven't walked. | have i walked? |
| you have walked. | you haven't walked. | have you walked? |
| he, she, it has walked. | he, she, hasn't walked. | has he, she, it walked? |
| we have walked. | we haven't walked. | have we walked? |
| you have walked. | you haven't walked. | have you walked? |
| they have walked. | they haven't walked. | have they walked? |
现在完成时的作用
现在完成时是用来表明现在与过去的连结。动作的时间是在过去，并没有一个具体的时间点。我们往往更强调动作的结果，而非动作本身。
要留意！也许您的母语中也有相似的动词时态，但意思不见得是一样的。
现在完成时是用来描述：
- 始於过去的动作或状态，到目前仍持续着。i have lived in bristol since 1984 (= 而且到现在还是。)
- 在一段时间内做过丶但还没有结束的动作。she has been to the cinema twice this week (= 而且这周还没过完。)
- 在过去到现在之间的一段不明确的时间内重复发生的动作。we have visited portugal several times.
- 在不久前完成的动作，以「just」来表达。i have just finished my work.
- 发生时间并不重要的动作。he has read 'war and peace'. (= 阅读的结果很重要)
注意：如果想要针对何时丶何地丶何人给予或询问细节，我们会用过去简单时。关於这方面可以参考这篇文章，了解如何在现在完成时和一般过去时之间做选择。
始於过去且目前持续在做的动作
- they haven't lived here for years.
- she has worked in the bank for five years.
- we have had the same car for ten years.
- have you played the piano since you were a child?
当提及的时间点还没结束
- i have worked hard this week.
- it has rained a lot this year.
- we haven't seen her today.
在过去到现在之间不具体的时间范围内重复做的动作
- they have seen that film six times
- it has happened several times already.
- she has visited them frequently.
- we have eaten at that restaurant many times.
刚结束的动作（加 just）
- have you just finished work?
- i have just eaten.
- we have just seen her.
- has he just left?
当动作的确切时间并不重要或未知时
- someone has eaten my soup!
- have you seen 'gone with the wind'?
- she's studied japanese, russian, and english.
进一步了解如何在现在完成时中使用 ever丶never丶already 和 yet，以及在现在完成时中使用 for 和 since。